It may have been overlooked at many locations by confusion and lumping with the native A. National Museum of Natural History 2011). The Striped Barnacle was common at Beaufort, North Carolina by 1955 (Costlow and Bookhout 1958 Zullo 1966 Henry and McLaughlin 1975) at Biscayne, Florida by 1960 (Moore and Frue 1974), and in Bermuda by 1952 (Henry and McLaughlin 1975 USNM 195758 U.S. It is plausible that large-scale introductions of this barnacle to the Northwest Atlantic occurred during and after World War II (Carlton et al. However, this could represent an isolated specimen collected from a ship. National Museum of Natural History collections). The earliest verified record from the Northwest Atlantic is a specimen collected from the Dry Tortugas, Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico in 1931 (U.S. Invasion History on the East Coast:ĭarwin (1854) reported Amphibalanus amphitrite as occurring in the Caribbean, but the identity of his specimens is uncertain. The Salton Sea barnacles have lost pigmentation in their cyprid larvae, which is an evolutionary change from their marine ancestors (Raimondi 1992). However, rearing experiments and genetic studies indicate that these changes are environmental (Flowerdew 1985 Carlton et al. The adult barnacles have developed a distinctive morphology, and were previously recognized as a subspecies (Henry and McLaughlin 1975). The barnacles were introduced from San Diego Bay to the Salton Sea with buoys used to mark seaplane landing areas and were very abundant by 1944 (Carlton 1979 Carlton et al. amphitrite was introduced to the Salton Sea, a salt lake created by a ruptured canal in a desert region of California, near the Colorado River. 1972). A remarkable invasion took place in the 1940s, when A. In San Francisco Bay, it is confined to the warmest parts of the estuary (Zullo et al. 2002), where it was first collected in 1938. There is an apparent gap in its range between Santa Monica Bay and San Francisco Bay (Carlton 1979 Wasson et al. Its usual habitats are the sheltered waters of harbors. On the Pacific Coast of North and Central America, Amphibalanus amphitrite is abundant on the coast of Panama and ranges at least as far north as San Francisco Bay, California (Carlton et al. North American Invasion History: Invasion History on the West Coast: 1972 Henry and McLaughlin 1975 Cohen and Carlton 1995 Carlton et al. Darwin (1854) observed that it was 'extremely common on ship's bottoms' and it has been introduced over much of its present range, including most of the Atlantic Basin (cryptogenic in the Mediterranean) and the Eastern Pacific, including Hawaii, and the North American Coast, from Panama to San Francisco Bay, California (Zullo et al. It was absent on pre-Columbian oyster shells from the Indian River lagoon examined by Boudreaux et al. Amphibalanus amphitrite invaded North American waters in the 20th century (Zullo 1966 Southward 1975 Carlton et al. In the West Pacific and Indian Ocean, it may be native from Southeastern Africa to Southern China, but it is a recent introduction in Eastern (Panama-California), Northwestern (Korea-Japan-Russia, 1st record Tokyo Bay, 1950), and Southwestern reaches of the Pacific, including New Zealand (Cranfield et al. amphitrite is part of a complex of similar species, and prone to transport on ships' hulls, its native range is difficult to determine (Utinomi 1960 Henry and McLaughlin 1975). First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1914 First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1914 First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record: 1931Īmphibalanus amphitrite was described by Darwin (1854), using specimens collected from Portugal, the Mediterranean, West Africa, the West Indies, the Indo-Pacific, Australia, and New Zealand.
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